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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8876/014
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013,DaresSala
2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65013 Dares Salaam, Tanzania.
3 Department of Internal Medicine, Mloganzila, Muhimbili National Hospital, P.O. Box 65000, Dares Salaam, Tanzania.
*Corresponding Author: George M. Bwire, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania. E-mail: gbwire@muhas.ac.tz
Citation: Faustine Tungaraza, Augustino S. Kahere, George M. Bwire, Doreen Mloka, Fatuma F. Felician, Liberata Mwita et all (2019). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) during the first six months of receiving antiretroviral in HIV-infected individuals: a retrospective cohort study.
J. Immunology and Inflammation.3(1);DOI:10.31579/2637-8876/014
Copyright: © 2019 George M. Bwire. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 24 July 2019 | Accepted: 02 August 2019 | Published: 14 August 2019
Keywords: IRIS; muhimbili national hospital; HAART; prevalence; risk factors
Introduction: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is referred to as the flare up of an underlying, previously undiagnosed infection or the worsening of a previously treated infection soon after antiretroviral therapy (ART) is started. Information about the prevalence and associated risk factors for IRIS in resource-constrained countries like Tanzania where access to ART is increasing is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with IRIS among patients attending care and treatment clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (CTC-MNH).
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who attended CTC-MNH between July 2016 and June 2018. Mann Whitney test was used to compare median CD4+ cells count and viral load at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Associated factors were analysed using multi-logistic regression. Statistics were done using GraphPad Prism 7 software and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Of 318 patients, 8.5% encountered IRIS. Compared to baseline readings, there were significant increases in CD4+ cells (P < 0.0001) and decrease in viral load count (P < 0.0001). Patients who did not adhere to HAART were more likely to develop IRIS [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 4.2, 95% CI; 1.14-15.60, P = 0.03].
Conclusion: This study found relatively low prevalence of IRIS as compared to those reported elsewhere. Moreover, poor adherence to HAART was found to be a risk factor for IRIS.
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients leads to dramatic reduction in plasma viral load, progression to AIDS, overall mortality [1] and provide partial restoration of overall immune function [2] . Furthermore, these immunological changes correlate with reduction in the frequency of opportunistic infections and prolong survival [3].
In the mid-1990s, clinicians noticed that certain patients deteriorated after starting HAART despite having decreasing HIV-1 RNA levels and raising CD4 cell counts [4]. In these patients, use of HAART resulted to a pathological inflammatory response to either previously treated infections or subclinical -opportunistic infections [5]. This inflammation could result in deleterious clinical outcomes known as immune reconstitution diseases (IRD) or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) [6]. Several infectious agents such as cytomegalovirus virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex, and Cryptococcus neoformans have been associated with IRIS in HIV/AIDS patients starting HAART [4,7,8].
Although, information regarding IRIS prevalence and risk factors for developing IRIS and long term clinical outcomes is scarce, it is estimated that people living with HIV (PLHIV) and initiated with HAART have an IRIS prevalence ranging between 10-30% [5]. The variations in reported frequency are due to differences in case definitions, and more importantly differences in study populations with different risk profile and underlying burden of opportunistic infections [8]. It is expected that IRIS will be more common in low and middle-income countries, Tanzania in particular where access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasing [9,10].
Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with IRIS at Muhimbili National Hospital, care and treatment clinic.
Study design, area and subjects
A retrospective study was conducted in patients on HAART attending care and treatment clinic (CTC) at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) between July 2016 and June 2018. Since 2016 MNH-CTC adopted the use of both CD4+ cells counts and viral load as HIV/AIDS prognostic tests. Moreover, the implementations of diagnose and treat was still at infancy stage. MNH has a separate CTC with more than 18000 PLHIV on follow-up where about 500 PLHIV visit clinic per week. All patients received HAART for at least six months were eligible to participate in this study.
The sample size was calculated using the prevalence of 31.7% [5], where the marginal of error was set to be 5. Patients’ records at MNH records department were retrieved from the Jeeva HIV-care database (MNH, Tanzania). Information of patients enrolled between July 2016 and June 2018 were downloaded from the database then sampled randomly to attain the required sample size. The patient number was recorded then the respective file was reviewed so as to obtain the required information such as social demographics, lab investigations and treatment history. Information, which was not found in the patient’s file, was obtained from searching the specific information in the Jeeva HIV-care database.
Data collection
Development of case report forms/ checklist
Case report forms (CRFs) were developed to collect information including demographic, clinical, laboratory, drug administered and comorbidities. The CRFs were developed after comprehensive literature review of the studies, which described the association between IRIS and treatment outcomes [5,7,8]. Additionally, the CRFs were first validated and tested for answering the objectives of the study by selecting 10 patients’ files randomly from 318- sampled files.
Determination of IRIS
IRIS was determined after reviewing the patients’ files using criteria described elsewhere [6]. Briefly, new onset or worsening symptoms of an infection or inflammatory condition after start of HAART, progression of organ dysfunction or enlargement of pre- existing lesions after definite clinical improvement with pathogen-specific therapy prior to HAART and exclusion of treatment toxicity and new diagnoses and exaggerated inflammatory reaction i.e. severe fever or painful lesions were documented as IRIS. Two independent researchers reviewed the files, when the differences on documenting IRIS cases occurred, consensus were reached after consulting an experienced Clinician.
Documentation of adherence
Adherence was recorded as found in patients’ files. At MNH care and treatment clinic, adherence is commonly determined by patient’s self-reporting method. Based on that method more than 95% HAART take, coupled with clinical assessments. A Clinician assigned the status of “good adherence” (more than 95% HAART use in past seven and/or thirty days)” or “not good/ non-adherence” (less than 95% HAART use in the past seven and thirty days)” to the attended patient [9].
Definition of operational terms
Body mass-index (BMI): Calculated as the ratio of baseline weight (kg) and height (m2) of the patient obtained as documented in the file.
Immunological failure: This was the CD4+ cells count of less than 350 cells/mm3 for two consecutive measurements 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral [9].
Virological failure: This was the failure to suppress viral load to less than 1000 HIV-RNA copies/ml for two consecutive measurements within 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral [9].
Treatment failure: referred to either clinical failure occurrence / persistence of HIV related opportunistic infections or immunological and/or virological failures [9].
Data management and analysis
Data collected on CRFs were crosschecked for the completeness then entered manually in Microsoft excels spreadsheet followed by exporting them to GraphPad (Prism 7 software, USA) for analyzing social demographics and laboratory findings. Undocumented data were coded as missing information. Mean and percentage were used to summarize social demographic characteristics whereas Mann Whitney test was used to compare median CD4+ cells counts and viral load at baseline and six months after of receiving HAART. Associations between various factors with IRIS were analyzed using multi-logistic regression. Variables with p value less than 0.25 on univariate analysis were entered to multivariate analysis. Type 1 error for significance was 0.05.
Ethical consideration
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Research and Publication committee approved this study. (Ref. No. DA.282/298/01.C/). Permission to access patients’ files was requested from MNH Research and Publications Committee. Names and other personal details including patients’ hospital number were not disclosed for confidentiality purpose; thus, most information was coded and entered into the computer for statistical analysis.
Subjects recruitment flow chart
As of June 2018, a total of 18813 PLHIV were attending care and treatment clinic at MNH. Of 18813, 2.4% [number (n) = 457] were enrolled between July 2016 and June 2018 and 93% (n = 425) of the enrolled patients were initiated HAART, then 318 patients’ files of those receiving HAART were reviewed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for IRIS (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Subjects recruitment flow chart. A total of 318 files of patients attended clinic between July 2016 and June 2018 were sampled and reviewed.
Patients’ social demographic information
Overall 318 files of PLHIV attended CTC at MNH between July 2016 and June 2018 were reviewed. The patients’ age [±standard deviation (±SD)] was 38.3 years (15.7) with the mean BMI (±SD) of 24.5 kg/m2 (6.6). Majority of the participants (42.1%, n=102) were married while the number of females (55.7%, n=177) was higher. Most of the participants (35.7%, n=104) were at WHO AIDS first stage and 77.7% (n=247) were using Tenofovir based regimen (TDF). Fewer cases of co-infection (7.9%, n=25) were documented at the baseline where most (27.3%, n=6) of the participants were co-infected with pneumonia (Table 1).
Table 1: Participants’ social demographic information
Variable | Measurement | Value | |
Age (year) | Mean (±SD) | 38.3 (15.7) | |
Sex | Male, n (%) | 141 (44.3) | |
Female, n (%) | 177 (55.7) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (±SD) | 24.5 (6.6) | |
Marital status | Single, n (%) | 99 (40.9) | |
Married, n (%) | 102 (42.1) | ||
Widow, n (%) | 26 (10.7) | ||
Divorced, n (%) | 15 (6.2) | ||
HAART regimen
| Tenofovir regimen, n (%) | 247 (77.7) | |
Zidovudine regimen, n (%) | 19 (6.0) | ||
Abacavir regimen, n (%) | 52 (16.4) | ||
WHO stage | I, n (%) | 104 (35.7) | |
II, n (%) | 66 (22.7) | ||
III, n (%) | 61 (21.0) | ||
IV, n (%) | 60 (20.6) | ||
Co-infection | Yes, n (%)
| Type of infection |
|
Herpes | 3 (13.6) | ||
TB | 4 (18.2) | ||
Pneumonia | 6 (27.3) | ||
Oral fungal infection | 4 (18.2) | ||
Skin fungal infection | 4 (18.2) | ||
Others | 1 (4.5) | ||
| Total Yes | 25 (7.9) | |
No, n (%) | 293 (92.1) | ||
Clinical characteristics for cohort of patients on HAART
The median CD4+ cell count [interquartile range (IQR)] at baseline and after six months were 237 cells/mm3 (126-438) and 391 cells/mm3 (224-647) respectively, P < 0.0001. The viral load count (log10copies/ml) at the baseline and after six months were 3.4 (2.5-4.7) and 2.4 (1.3-3.6) respectively, P < 0.0001. Among 318 studied patients the prevalence of IRIS was found to be 8.5%. The highest numbers of patients were reported to have good adherence to HAART use by 48.8% (n=120) (Table 2).
Table 2: Clinical characteristics for cohort of patients on HAART for at least 6 months
Variable | Value
| P value
| ||
Laboratory measurements
| CD4+ cell (cells/mm3) Median (IQR) | At baseline | 237 (126-438)
|
P < 0.0001 |
After 6 months | 391 (224-647)
| |||
Viral load (log10copies/ml) Median (IQR) | At baseline | 3.4 (2.5-4.7)
|
P < 0.0001 | |
After 6 months | 2.4 (1.3-3.6) | |||
IRIS | n (%) | 27 (8.5) |
| |
Adherence | Good, n (%) | 120 (48.8) |
| |
Not good, n (%) | 20 (6.3) | |||
Undocumented | 143 (45) | |||
Factors associated with IRIS
The study found no association between age, BMI, CD4+ cells count, viral load at baseline and WHO AIDS stage and IRIS (P>0.05). With regards to adherence, patients who did not adhere to HAART had four times chances to get IRIS [Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.2, 95%CI; 1.14-15.60, P = 0.03] (Table
Table 3: Multi-logistic regression analysis of IRIS associated factors
Factor | Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 95%CI | P value | |
Age (years) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.1) | P = 0.827 | |
BMI (kg/mm2) | 0.9 (0.77,1.2) | P = 0.808 | |
CD4+ cells count at baseline (cells/mm3) | 1 (0.99,1.0) | P = 0.736 | |
Viral load at baseline (copies/ml) | 1 (1,1) | P = 0.921 | |
Adherence
| Yes | 1.8 (0.74, 4.4) | P = 0.192 |
No | 4.2 (1.14, 15.60) | P = 0.031* | |
WHO AIDS stage | First | 0.45 (0.12,1.77) | P = 0.254 |
Second | 0.42 (0.1, 1.78) | P = 0.240 | |
Third | 0.5 (0.11, 2.3) | P = 0.376 | |
*Statistically significant | |||
The current HIV/AIDS management policy of Tanzania advocate diagnose and treat [9], however medical seeking behaviors in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) still relies on presentation of first disease symptoms [11]. Hence, an increased risk of HIV/AIDS and IRIS [8]. Moreover, increased use of HAART in LMICs, estimated to increase the incidences of IRIS [9]. Tanzania is among the countries where the use of ARV is increasing [9]. Therefore, a two years retrospective study (2016-2018) was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with IRIS in patients attending care and treatment clinic at MNH. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report the prevalence and risk factors for IRIS at MNH.
The current study found a prevalence of IRIS to be 8.5%. This is a small percent when compared to the finding by Shelburne et al. 2005 [5] which reported the the prevalance of about 30%. Another study which was conducted in Perunian children documented a prevalance of 20% [12]. The differences between the studies may have been contributed by the different in study design [5] and difference in the study population [12]. Additionally the study participants in this study majority (35.7%) were at the first WHO AIDS stage and the mean age of participants in the current retrospective study was 38.3 years.
This study found a significant increase in CD4+ cells count and decrease in viral load six months after initiations of HAART. This concured to the study conducted in Rwanda which, reported similar clinical outcomes [13]. Findings from the current study may have been contributed by good adhrence reported to most of the patients (48.8%) and most of them being enrolled at WHO AIDS first stage (35.7%)
In determining the risks factors associated with IRIS, only non-adherence to HAART was associated with the risk of getting IRIS. Although the risks factors for getting IRIS are still unclear [5], but different factors such as low CD4+ counts, high viral load and presence of subclinical infections have been hypothesized to be responsible [6,8]. However the current study found no association between IRIS and these factors.
This study was limited by lack of standard definition of IRIS with objective biomarkers for diagnosis. Conforming to the national guidelines, publisher articles and having multiple reviewers to agree on suspected IRIS cases minimized the limitation. In addition, adherence was limited to patient’s memory but other parameters such as clinical assessment and laboratory investigations were included in assigning good or non-adherence.Moreover, because the design of the study was retrospective, some of the CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV viral loads were not available at baseline, after HAART initiation and at the time of the IRIS event. Also, the number of eligible participants in the cohort was small to make firm conclusions about specific risk factors.
Conclusion
This study found relatively low prevalence of IRIS as compared to those reported elsewhere. Moreover, non-adherence to HAART was found to be a risk factor for IRIS. Recommendation, Clinicians should be aware of both the unmasked subclinical infections as well as the paradoxical recrudescence of successfully treated infections in HIV-infected patients shortly after initiating HAART. Future study on specific risk factors is recommended so that patients who are at highest risk of IRIS can be identified and treated promptly.
Abbreviations
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation; CTC: Care and Treatment Clinic; HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IRIS: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome; MNH: Muhimbili National hospital; PLHIV: People Living with HIV; RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; WHO: World Health Organization.
Authors declare that there is no competing interest
We thank the MNH management for granting permission to access patients’ files on care and treatment clinic and collect their information. More importantly, we acknowledge the cooperation received from Clinicians, Nurses and Health Records Department particularly Mr. Geofrey Semu.
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Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
